2.
  -2024
   
    
(    -V)
 :      :100
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.       :
(i)          
(ii)   
(iii)  1   II 
2. ()        (MLE)        ?   - 
(OLS)       ?     
()                 
    
 -
3. x² (-)   
  ?       
4.   -         
2.
 -
5. () 500    , 280               
    
            ?
() Z         
6.     ,       :

 
  
    
  
1
10
15
90
2
12
14
108
5%    '           
-
7.                       
            '    (   )
              :
  1
  2
  3
  4
20
19
21
15
23
15
19
17
18
17
20
16
17
20
17
18
16
16
2.
                   
8.     ?        '     
    ANOVA      
  -2024
   
    
(    -V)
 :      :100
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.       :
(i)          
(ii)   
(iii)  1   II 
:       :     
   
             
   ,          
  
 ; 
,    '            
               ' "
" ,     ,          ,

        : -   -
2.
  ,  ,   I   II   ,    
     
(i) -    -   :     
          
       
     
         
        ', 
       
 
  -      
  , 
    
   -  ,      -     
-          (    )    
    ,   
""      
   
      
 ,      (  
    
)      
,       

         

 ; 
         
 ,    
 ,        -       
   -      -   ,    
   ()            
  

    
 :
-   :   (  ) '    
-   :  (  ) '   
       : -       , 
       ; -   -    ,
         
(ii)   :    
,              ,   
 ,  
    , "!       "
 ,       
2.
                  
    
        '    

 ,         '    
     50 ,     (α) 5% ,   
   :
-   (    ) , 60       
 
-    (     ), 40    60    
   
      "  "  
 ,       
  ,   
     
 ,          -      
     
(iii)  I   II :      
           ,   
  
       '      
 :  I    II 
 I :   
   
      ,  
      
'  
 ,              
,    I        
     
    
       :        
, 
          ,  
  I     

   (α)   ,  0.05  5%     I  
  
    , 
    5%  
   
 II :  
2.
          ,  
     

     ,    II        
           
   ,         ,     
    
,     II       β 
    β     
     
 ,     I           
 
  :
 I  (α):  
  ",    !"   

 II  (β):"
,   
!"        
  
       '    α  ( 
)   
     ( II )   

  α               
   
  
  -/- ,  ,   I/II  
      
1.   : 
  (  )        ( 
) ?
2.     :         
     
3.  :      ( I   II )  
       
               

  ,       ,    
    ,  ,     
2.

 ,       '  
 -  ,   
    
-    -          
     
       
 I   II       ,   
     
          , , 
        , 
      
              
2. ()        (MLE)        ?   - 
(OLS)       ?     
()                 
    
:   
             
 ( )    ,            
     
     ""   
   (       )  , 
 : "  
,        
 ?" (      
 )         ,   -  
  
          : (a)     
(MLE)    -  (OLS)     (b)      
,       
󷊆󷊇  (a):        (MLE)  OLS   
1.       (MLE)  ?
MLE            
   :            "" 


2.
  , MLE  : "         ,  
          ?"
-- :
1.   
  10    7   
2. 
 (p)       
3. 10  7          
4. MLE  : p           
5.   , p = 0.7 MLE 
 , MLE               
       

2.    (OLS)  ?
OLS       '      
             
   
 
   , OLS          
        
 : 
           
    ,  OLS           
        
3. MLE  OLS    

 -  (OLS)

     
      

   

  '   
   
   
      '
    


-     
    
 
2.

 -  (OLS)

     
    
  

"    
      
  ?"
4. MLE  OLS   
    ,   '         ,
OLS  MLE          
    
  '           
 , OLS MLE         
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  ():            
1.      
      :
o             
, ,  
o      
   '   
o :   \bar{x}   μ   
  :
o      '        
 
o :      xˉ=52\bar{x} = 52 ,  52 μ  

  :    ,        
  ()      '  
2.     
     
        :
() 
              
:         
 
? 
 ,   '  
2.
()  
     , -     ,  
    
:      ,        
 

? 
    , 
 '    
(c) 
    ,           
:     ,      - 
,      

 ? 
      
() 
              

:           

? 
     

(e)   (  )
           
 
? 
         
 
 
󼩺󼩻          
   
      '    :
 : , , ' '  
  :   

 ,  '       
 
 :    
,    
 :
          
 :    ,    
          , , , 

󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
    :
2.
       (MLE)          
        
 -  (OLS)           , 
    ,  MLE    
     :      ;   
    
    
  : , , ,      
 , MLE  OLS  -         , 
                
         ,       
  
 -
3. x² (-)   
  ?       
:- (χ²)  
   
             
        ,  
       
           :   ,
             
    -  ,   χ² (-)   

   , -            
    -    ,     
  ,              
     
         
       '   ,        
    
  
        -  20
      
                 
      ,  
   100  
 , 

50   50        ,  47   53  
2.
  
         ,      ?
         -   
  ', χ²              
    :
1.    : Z₁, Z₂, ..., Zₙ        
  ( 0,  1)         "
" 
2.   :  
         
  ,       :
  , χ², n    (df)   -     
     '          
   
 ,  , χ²             
-     
,  -       , - ,  
    :
1.      
-    '  (-)    -  (χ² ≥ 0) 
         
 : 
     ,  
  
 
    (df) ,      
-     ,         
    
2.    
ν       (df), -      
 '       
        

2.
 ,  χ² 5     '  ,  df = 5
  ,          ,
     
3.    
 χ²           :
       :
    '   
  
       
      
4.  
-           :
     -  , χ²₁ ν₁ df    χ²₂ ν₂ df  , 
    - ν₁ + ν₂ df    :
  -        
5. -  (MGF)
-    -  (MGF)  ,     
            ν df   χ²  MGF :
     ' ,       
  
6.   
2.
: -     ,    = √(8/ν)  - ν  ,
   
:  ""   χ²  ,  = 12/ν , -
 df  ,             
  
              
               
  20   A, 30  B,  50  C      
  ,        -   , 
                
 , χ²     :
1.   -             
 
2.    -          , 
    
3.      -   , χ²    
       
   
            
  ',     
  (,    )  
      (   )     
     -  χ²     (  ) '
  ,  , ,           
    , -          
    

 , -         , ,   
        ,        
             
2.
- , , , ,     '  - 
       
 
χ²             ,    
 -            
      
-    
      , -     
     ,    , 
   
4.   -         
:             
              ,
  
 ,            
 :
                 ,
      ?
          ,    
( ""     )       
         ,      
  
      :    ,   
  ,           

󷊆󷊇     
       X1,X2,…,Xn          
 μ\mu   σ2 
    :
   :
2.
,    σ2\sigma^2  ,  
zstatistic     :
        
   , σ2   '      
   S2S^2
       tstatistic  :
  (n – 1)       t    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
?
      ,    S2 σ2      ,
 ztest    
       ,  σ\sigma SS    
 
 
      ,       

 
 , tstatistic         : "   
 
,             "
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃  
tstatistic    ,        
1.   , 
  :
2.  ,       :
2.
3.      Z  S2  
4.   , tstatistic      :
  (n – 1)     t   
󷇮󷇭    
  tstatistic         
1. 
t    ,     
           
2. 
   v>1 , t   0 
  
  
 tstatistic   μ\mu    
3. 
v>2 , t    :
     1   ,  tdistribution     
 
v→∞   ,  1    ,  t     
 
4.  ( )
-        
          
     
 ,      
2.
5.     (df)
t    v=n−1   '   
 df ,      
- df  ,        
6.     
 - :     '  

 
       ,    
7.     
              
tstatistic   '   
:   ,   ,  
󼩺󼩻   
tdistribution               ,
    
        , tdistribution  : "
, 
  
,        " 
      -       
-     ,           
   
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘  
 :         ,   , 
     
   :
       ,   ttest ztest 
  
:      ,      ,  
    
󹶜󹶟󹶝󹶞󹶠󹶡󹶢󹶣󹶤󹶥󹶦󹶧      
1.       :
  n−1n-1       t    
2.
2.   :
o    
o  = 0 (df > 1 )
o  = v/(v−2)v/(v-2) (df > 2 )
o     
o     '   
o df → ∞        
󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸
              
 :              
 
  ,  ,    ' ,   
      
     
 
     
,    :   
    
 ,    
   ,  , ""   
,              
 -
5. () 500    , 280               
    
            ?
() Z         
:        
      
        ,    
 ,   
   -            
 ,                ,
                -   
- 
           
     ,  500        
   ,     :
2.
280    
220    
,     : " 
         ?" 
  ,            
 ,           
  ():  
            ?
  ',    , "280 220   
,      "
   
       
    :  
     ,        
 ?
       Z     Z         
               
 1:      
   , 
   
 :
  (H₀):     
  (H₁):      

  ',      ,   50%    
    :
    = 500 × 0.5 = 250
    = 500 × 0.5 = 250
 2:  
 :
    = 280
    = 220
         = 280 – 250 = 30
,        30             
   ,         
 3:    Z     
2.
   Z    :
:
p =   (  )
P =   (  )
n =  
  :
 4: Z    
 , 
 Z    5%   '     :
-  :  Z ≈ ±1.96
2.68 > 1.96 , 
    
 :     '         
       ,         
  (b): Z   
  
   Z             
 ,       Z    ,     
 
            ,   
 -      
Z ,        ,  -      ' 
         Z         
  ,       
2.
    :     '   
 ,   

 ,      '  
 
Z    
1.               

        
Z                
    
:            
   
2.     
Z      
              , , 
  
:           '   
   80%      ?
3.   
Z    '   -        
 ,    -   ,    Z   
          
 ,        '  
4.     
           Z   
 
:             
    
 Z       ,        

5.     
      ,      
       Z     
:  ,       
    
  
2.
6.    
Z            
          
:              

7.      
       , Z       
        
:            ,  
     
    (a)   (b)
           
 Z     
 :
           Z    
  
Z                 
       '     :  
    ,   ,     
  , Z            - , ,
,   -   ,         
 
     
  
 ,             
                ' 

      Z     
          
     ,         
 , 
 
     
 ,  Z     ,           
,   ,              
2.
Z           -       
   

 :
1.     :500   ,    (280)    (220)
      Z     , 
   
            '  
  -    
2. Z  :Z           ,
 ,  ,   ,     
-        
Z   
  , 
     ,    
  ,          ,     
,    - , Z        
  
6.     ,       :

 
  
    
  
1
10
15
90
2
12
14
108
5%    '           
:   
   :
 1:
o  :n1=10
o  :xˉ1=15
o        : 1=90
 2:
o  :n2=12
o  :xˉ2=14
2.
o        : 2 = 108
 5%    '             F-
       -   ,  -   
   

 
          ,    F-
 ,             - 
 ( ), 
      
              
       :
 1 :
 2 :
2.
       :
v1=n1−1=9,v2=n2−1=11
    
           , 
  ' 
  :
     :
≈1.0185
        ,      '  
  

-  (-)
2.
  
  :
5%  '    

:         ' 
 
     (1010  9.829.82)   ,  F-
  
 
 :     ',       ' 
 
    -- 
 :5%  ',       
       
F-   ,        :
 :
o         
   :
o      '        
F- -    ;    ,   -
          
,      
2.
   :
o               
    ;
SS S2         
    :
o          ,   (
,  )        ,
     -     
    
  '    ""              
 ,  
  :       ,     ? F-
      ,     ,   , "  5% 
'       "   ,     -   
  , "  "
     


     
 :
          ,
 - -
     (     -    
)
 
        ,    
      ,       
     
 
:      
    ;  
    
2.
-
7.                       
            '    (   )
              :
  1
  2
  3
  4
20
19
21
15
23
15
19
17
18
17
20
16
17
20
17
18
16
16
                   
:           :        
   
     ,         
     ' - ,         
               
   :    '       ? , 
              ,   
    -    
 
,                 
  ,        
   
, 
             
  
    '            
       ,       :
  1
  2
  3
  4
20
19
21
15
23
15
19
17
18
17
20
16
17
20
17
18
16
16
2.
             ,     

    ?
   , 
         
 (ANOVA)    ANOVA            
                  , 
     
 1:  
          '    :
  (H₀):            ',
  (H₁):-          
             
  
            

 2:  
    ,        ' :
 1: 20, 23, 18, 17
 2: 19, 15, 17, 20, 16
 3: 21, 19, 20, 17, 16
 4: 15, 17, 16, 18
         
      ,
  , 
       ANOVA    
 3:      
        ( )       
   :
2.
1.   1 :
2.   2 :
3.   3 :
4.   4 :
 , 
   ,      :
       
 ,      
 4:    
ANOVA          :
1.  -  (SSB):        
2.     (SSW):      
       
 4a:         (SSB)
  :
2.
:
   :
 4b:        (SSW)
  :
 5: F-   
2.
, 
     :
1.   :
2.  :
 , F-  :
 6: F        
    F = 1.67
 F = 3.34
1.67 < 3.34 , 
       
 7:     
              '  
   ,   
           
     
       ,            
 ,        , ,      
         
2.
 8:      
    : 
"  "     '  ,   
       ,       ( )
          -  1 19.5     
  4 16.5      -         
           
 -               ,  
      
           
 ,    

 9: ANOVA  
1.     ,            
""  ,       
2.         ANOVA  , 
 
1     4    
3.             - 
               
    

 , ANOVA              
   
,   ,    ,    
           
 :  ,  
  "  "   
,        
     
  , ANOVA            ' 
   ,    
 ' ,       
   
 -    ,     -   
2.
8.     ?        '     
    ANOVA      
:  
ANOVA                  
  '           (  

), ANOVA -           ,  
              
  :F-    "  "    "  "
  :
 F  ,    -     
     :"     ?"   
   
 ;  , 
-  (, )    
     : (   ),  (   
 ),  (   ),  ( )
      
F- '   ,      :
 :           ( , 
-  - )      
   :  ,      '   
ANOVA     ,       
      :     () 

,    ANOVA      
   :   -      
  (-  ) - ANOVA   '   
 
-  (  ANOVA ):     ;  
 ,  /- ANOVA   
  :      
-    -  
2.
   -      - ANOVA    ; -  
            
-  
 :  ( , k     )
 :
  :
o   ()
o    ()
 :      ()    
 
     : k       ?
-  
 :  ( ,      ),     ;
      
 :
  :
o  A  
o    
o  
o 
 :
              '
  
     :  A   -  ?  B? 
     ?
 
2.
    :-  1 ; -  2  ( )
:-   -      -
  '  
 :- ANOVA           
   
   :-       -
   
 : ANOVA  
  
-  :            

-  :           -
    
    :-  -  
  '    
  : 5% '        (F-)
   :
2.
 1:       
  :
 3:   (- )
2.
 4: 
 :H0H_0   
:5%  ',      
     
  (10  9.82)    ; F-   
   
       
     :    -  (-  
) '  
       :       
ANOVA        
 -  ,           
 MSW         F-     -  
          ( ,  -    -
   )
     
 : F- 
--     
       
   :, ,   , ,  ,
 
-    - :
o -: - ,  =  + 
o -:   +  ,  = A + B + A×B + 
    (   ):
o        
o      F
o     ; , F ≈ 1.0185 →  
2.
   
    : ANOVA        
,   
         ,         
           , 
     ()
      -  F-    ;     
 ,   
      
"                  

          ,           "